4.3 — Pricing Strategies — Class Notes
Contents
Monday, November 9, 2020
Overview
Today we look at how firms price their products when they have market power (that is to say, how most firms in reality price their products).
Readings
See today’s suggested readings.
Slides
Practice Problems
I have added a practice problem to help you work through an example of 3rd degree price discrimination (as I will do in class). Answers will be posted on that page.
Assignments
Homework 5 answers are posted on that page. You are done with graded homeworks for the semester!
Don’t forget your Op-Ed is due by Friday November 20.
Appendix
“I Know It When I See It” — How to Identify Market Power?
It is tempting to explain many differences in prices for apparently the same product as a matter of price discrimination — firms are charging different customers different prices for the same good. However, it might be upon closer inspection that the prices are different because they are not the same good, or more importantly, that different varieties of the good cost different amounts to produce. Perhaps one color is more expensive to produce?
Consider two products below. Product 1 has lower marginal costs to produce \((MC_1)\) than Product 2 \((MC_2)\). Naturally, with market power, the firm will charge different prices for them \(p_1\) and \(p_2\), after always setting \(MR=MC\) and raising the price up to the (identical) demand for each product.
The only way to tell the difference between price discrimination and price differences due to costs in competitive markets (without actually being able to observe the firm’s marginal cost) is to find something that changes the price elasticity of demand without changing the cost. Price discrimination implies that a firm with market power sets its price based on the elasticity of demand and the marginal cost of producing. Price in a competitive market depends only on marginal cost. (This is related to the distinction we discussed in Chapter 9 about how firms with market power react differently than competitive firms to rota- tions in demand.)
The only true test between price discrimination (the same good being sold at different prices) and mere price differences (due to cost differences) in competitive markets, without being able to directly observe a firm’s marginal costs (something that is hard to do) is to consider changes in price elasticity of demand that does not change costs. This is similar to the third case described in the appendix in class 4.1, where a competitive market and a firm with market power see a change in price elasticity of demand: the competitive market sees no change in price or quantity, but the firm with market power that is price discriminating will lower its price as demand becomes more elastic.
Advanced Pricing Strategies
See chapter 10.6 on advanced pricing strategies such as block-pricing and two-part tariffs.